The crucified god in the carolingian era : theology and art of christ 's passion .

加洛林王朝时期的神学和耶稣受难的艺术。

By the second half of the tenth century , carolingian script had reached england , replacing late forms of the insular script ; in spain it replaced visigothic .

至10世纪后半叶，加洛林体在英国取代了insular体；在西班牙取代visigothic体。

In the original text the holy spirit was said to have proceeded " from the father , " whereas in carolingian europe ( but not yet in rome )

在原来的文本圣灵据说进行“从父”，而在加洛林欧洲（但尚未在罗马）

That the open forms of the carolingian script were replaced , from the 12th century , by the darker , more condensed , angular , ligature-ridden , closed forms of the gothic scripts is , as delorez writes , one of the mysteries of history .

12世纪，加洛林体被哥特体取代。后者以字体粗紧，有棱有角，张弛有加，闭合自如见长，被认为是德洛雷（delorez）所说的“历史未解之谜之一”。

A vertical element marking the crossing on the exterior of churches , beginning with the carolingian period and thereafter .

一种表现教堂外立面交叉特征的垂直方向上的要素，自卡洛林王朝时代开始运用。